1.
Effect Of Oiling And Packaging On Shelf Life Of Eggs Stored At Two Different Temperatures
by Marium Munir (2008-VA-388) | Dr. Muhammad Nasir | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: In Pakistan, poultry industry is playing a vital role in the economy of the country. As eggs are perishable so it must be handled with safety. It is imperative to handle and store the eggs at appropriate conditions. But improper storage of eggs is a problem in our country which affects its quality and there is chance of microbial contamination in eggs. Oiling and packaging has variable impact on shelf life of eggs at different storage temperatures (Matt et al. 2009).Raw eggs have many benefits, they contain essential nutrients for the brain, nerves, glands and hormones, they are nutritionally balanced. raw eggs also contain an abundance of other vital substances including protein, essential fatty acids along with niacin, riboflavin, biotin, choline, vitamins A, D and E, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous, manganese, iron, iodine, copper, zinc and Sulphur. Egg yolks are one of the few foods that contain vitamin D(Watkins, 2002). As eggs are perishable food stuff,so the purposes of present research work are to analyze the effect of oiling and packaging on shelf life of eggs at two different temperatures. For this a total of 864 eggs were collected. The four different treatments were applied along with two different temperatures. Each category was further divided into four treatment strategies (108 eggs in each strategy) i.e. eggs without any treatment, oil coated eggs, eggs packed (air-tight) in white polythene bags, oil coated eggs packed (air-tight) in white polythene bags.Eggs undergone each treatment strategy were analyzed for six parameter i.e. sensory evaluation, microbial load, Physical parameters (weight, pH, egg shell percentage and haugh unit) using 18 eggs for each further divided into three replicates (6 eggs for each replicate). All the eggs were stored for 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days.
Summary
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Data was analyzed statistically by the 2- way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) with 5% probability. Means was compared by DMR test.At the end of this study we were able to assess the shelf life of eggs with respect to their oiling, packaging and storage conditions. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2289-T] (1).
2.
Assessment Of Afflatoxins Contamination In Peanuts
by Zanib Hashmi (2009-VA-512) | Dr. Naureen Naeem | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Peanut is the most important agricultural crop of Pakistan. Peanut is a dicotyledonous, herbaceous, pubescent, rigid or low growing plant and the only species cultivated is (Arachishypogaea L.). Peanut is rich in protein, fat and carbohydrates, some percentage of Ca, K, P, Mg and vitamin E is also present. Peanut is an excellent source of edible oil as it contains about 50 to 53 percent good quality oil used in ghee, margarine and salad. There is high risk of contamination of peanuts with aflatoxins(AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2) because of fungal attack during the drying of peanut pods. Out of all these aflatoxins AFB1 is most important. Aflatoxins are toxic, carcinogenic secondary metabolites of Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusparaciticus and Aspergillusnomius. Aflatoxins can cause illness to human results in Aflatoxicosis. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds that are causative agents in human hepatic and extra hepatic carcinogenesis. The chief attacking organ for aflatoxins B1 toxicity and carcinogenicity is liver. From the safety point of view aflatoxin management is important for the production of safe and excellent quality peanuts.
For this purpose present study was conducted to determine the level of aflatoxins in peanuts (roasted, un-roasted). Samples will be collected/purchased by simple random collection technique from local markets and vendors from different areas ( Sabzazar, Wahdat road , Shad bagh, Data darbar, Akbarimandi, Beaden road, Lohari gate, Ek-moria pull, Liberty, Firdous market, Siddiqiacoloney, Mughal pura, Faizbagh, Rehmanpura, Gulberg, Model town, Islam pura, Shahdara, Rang mahal, Muslim town, Township, Iqbal town, Awan town, Niazbegh, Mozang, Outfall road, Sanatnagar, Cantt, Secretriate and Shad man) of Lahore. The samples were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to check the presence of aflatoxins (B1, B2,
G1 and G2). TLC analyses were further confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to verify the accuracy of TLC. These analyses were performed in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and WTO labs, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore. As out of 120 total samples of peanuts 60 samples were taken from vendors with 2 categories of roasted and unroasted while 60 samples were collected from shops with the same categories. Out of 120 samples, 55 (45.8%) were contaminated. In these 55 samples 48 (87.2%) samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1.Aflatoxin G1 is also present in 3 samples (5.45%), aflatoxin B2 in 3 (5.45%) samples and Aflatoxin G2 is present only in one samples collected from vendors, and we can say that 1.8% samples were contaminated with aflatoxin G2.
Present study will be supportive for the investigation of aflatoxins in peanuts. Peanuts are widely consumed all over the world and occurrence of aflatoxins in this commodity is a major concern to human health. The present situation is too much worse about the levels of aflatoxins which are higher than the prescribed limit by the regulatory authorities. It was observed that TLC technique is good for the determination of aflatoxins in developing countries where the facilities of sensitive instruments are not accessible. Furthermore to quantify levels of aflatoxins by using sensitive instruments like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS is required for accurate detection of Aflatoxins in peanuts in markets to protect the consumers from exposure of aflatoxins high level which are carcinogenic and hepatotoxic.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2614-T] (1).
3.
Evaluation Of Microbial Quality And Sensory Attributes Of Fresh Fruit Juices Sold At Various Places Of Lahore
by Anam Sajid (2013-VA-964) | Dr. Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The beverage industry in Pakistan has emerged as a progressive sector over the years. Juices are rich source of nutrients containing vitamins minerals but the microbial quality and sensory attributes of street vended, corners and restaurant juices is not at satisfied level. Juices squeezed from fresh fruits and vegetables contain microorganisms which are potentially hazardous to public health Therefore this study aimed to evaluate the microbial quality and sensory attributes of fresh fruit juices sold at various places of Lahore. The selling and consumption of juices are never stopped on nutritional grounds as well as livelihood of street vendors. It is alarming situation for suitable agency to take some necessary action, make guidelines to prevent potential food poisoning from juices that contain pathogenic bacteria, and find natural antimicrobials from plants that control spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in juices.
Microbial quality and sensory attributes of Street vended, corners and restaurant juices are not in good condition.
Sample of 243 juices of three types, pineapple, peach pomegranate took from three categories, collected from 9 towns of Lahore (for 1 town 9 from each flavor that makes 27 from each town). The categories were juices from Street Vender (SV), Juice Corner (JC) and Restaurants (RT). All the samples were evaluated for sensory attributes (appearance, color, smell, taste and overall acceptability) by using 15-point hedonic scale and microbiological parameters, Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Total Staphylococcus Count (TSC) and Salmonella detection.Data was analyzed statistically by theone way ANOVA for sensory evaluation and microbial count with 5% probability. Means were compared by LSD (least significant difference) test (Steel et al.,1997).
Results of my study indicates that juice samples collected from SV of various areas of Lahore showed very high number of microbiological counts and got very low score for its sensory attributes. While samples collected from JC showed microbiological counts less than SV and sensory attributes scores more than juices from SV. This was not only due to poor hygienic quality of these juices but also places consumers at a high risk of contracting food-borne infections. Lack of sanitary conditions in street vended juice stalls and the occurrence of pathogenic bacteria in juices are alarming enough for an immediate action by the suitable agency. Regular monitoring of the quality of fruit juices for human consumption must be introduced to avoid any future pathogen outbreaks. Juices took from RT revealed very low microbiological counts and very good score on hedonic scale which shows that they have good hygienic conditions. Their preparation methods and surrounding environment are clean.
At the end of this study we concluded that there was significant discrimination among the categories and the varieties of fresh fruit juice vendors as well as among the different towns. The microbial quality and sensory acceptability of fresh fruit juices sold at various locations of Lahore were not satisfied and we have to take step to make the conditions of our street vendors and juice corners better by giving them proper training about personal and environmental hygiene so that consumers can use the safe juices free from contamination.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2603-T] (1).
4.
Determination Of Tartrazine In Different Food Items Available In Lahore Pakistan
by Anam Arshad (2015-VA-1055) | Dr Zubair Farooq | Dr. Sanaullah Iqbal | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmad Anjum.
Material type: Publisher: 2017Dissertation note: Synthetic dyes used in various food items like sweets, candies and beverages cause severe health hazards if they are not food grade and within the legally permitted limits. In Pakistan due to increased consumption of attractive colored food items, the use of dyes in every food product is also increasing. Already there is no study to appraise the nature and level of colorants. Therefore, this study focused on determination of synthetic dye (tartrazine) used in candies, sweets and beverages to determine its safer levels.
This research work was done in food science and nutrition lab of Food Science and Human Nutrition Department of UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan. Total 180 samples were collected from all 9 towns of Lahore plus Lahore Cantt. Samples included 30 candies purchased from local vendors and 30 candies from shops, 30 sweet samples (rasgulla) from local vendors and 30 sweet samples from sweet shops. Moreover, 30 slush samples locally available in streets and 30 slush samples from shops of posh areas in Lahore. The results were compared with the previous held researches in other countries.
The food samples were divided into two categories local shops and local vendors. Total six local shops and six vendors of each town of lahore were selected for the collection of samples in triplicate pattern. All the samples were evaluated for spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine by using Beer’s law. Abosrbtion peeks were checked at a wavelength of 421.6 and the mean values of concentration of tartrazine in slush ranged from 0.269 to 0.275 mg/g obtained from local vendors and shops respectively.Moreover, the mean values of tartrazine ranged from 0.258 to 0.309 mg/g for vendor sweet and shop sweet samples respectively and mean value for candies ranged from 0.200 -0.704mg/g. Data was analyzed through the Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 22.0. Mean values with standard deviation in percentages of results were analyzed by descriptive analyses. To examine the relationship among the variables of candies, sweets and slush samples chi-square test was used. Further to compare tartrazine levels in the local shops and foodstuff obtained from the common vendors of Lahore, independent “t” test was used. 2 way-ANOVA was applied to check the differences of all samples in 10 towns of Lahore.
According to my investigations the quality of foodstuff collected from local shops and from local vendors is almost same and both contain high amounts of tartrazine.I suggest consumers, they should prefer to buy branded foodstuff from superstores as compared to local shops and local vendors because the keeping quality and handling practices are good in superstores than local shops.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2886-T] (1).
